Contents

Preface 6


01 Who Is Chang Po-go? 13
The Life and Genealogy of Chang Po-go 15
The Modern Significance of Chang Po-go 34

02 Setting the Stage for Chang Po-go’ s Entrance 41
Northeast Asian World in the 8th~9th Century 43
Tang’s Economic System and the Tribute Trade 47
Trade between Silla and Japan 51
The Decline of Official Trade in the 9th Century and the Rise of Private Trade 56
Chaos in the Silla Government and the Proliferation of Silla Refugees 60
03 The Formulation of the Maritime Empire 63
Chunghaejin and the Maritime 65
The Foundations of Chunghaejin 65
Establishment of Chunghaejin 74
Chunghaejin’s Military Management 80
Creation of a Maritime Kingdom 83
Chunghaejin and the Silla Government 93
Establishment of Military Outposts and Chunghaejin 93
Importance of Chunghaejin 102
Relationship between Chunghaejin and the Silla Government 112

04 Prosperity of the Maritime Empire 127
Silla Society and Trade in the Shandong peninsula 129
Formation of the Silla Society in China 129
Silla Residents and Trade in China 141
Goods Traded by Chang Po-go’s Trading Fleet 149
Trading Ships and Sea Routes of Chang Po-go’s Fleet 158
Economic Rationale of the Shortest Sea Routes 158
Reexamination of Navigation Route to Silla in the Daoli-zi 160
Unrealistic Navigation Routes to Silla 163
Conversion from Coastal to Direct Routes 165
Sea Routes for Baekje and Gaya 167
Sea Routes for Silla 168
Sea Routes of Japan 170
Fast Voyages by Silla’s Trading Ships 170
Automatic Route to Silla 173
Chang Po-go’s Trading Fleet and Maritime Religions of the Sea 175
Maritime Religions in Ancient Korea 175
Chi Shan Buphwawon and the Marine Religion 181
Silla Residents in Japan and Silla’s Gods 191

05 Fall of the Maritime Empire 203
Chaos in Silla’ s Central Government 205
The Political Limitations of Chunghaejin 217
The Abolishment of Chunghaejin a nd the Fall of the Maritime Empire 225
Rise of Minor Marine Powers 232

06 Dreaming of a New Chang Po-go’ s Era 239
Dreaming of a New Chang Po-go’s Era 241
Research and Academia 245
Culture and Public Awareness 248
Education 252

Index 254