Tallyman (Tallier), Measurer, and Marine Surveyor play an important role in the resolution of trade disputes by confirming and verifying the quantity and quality of cargoes in inter-country trades. Korea has adopted the Tallyman/Measurer/Surveyor exam in 1964, and changed the job titles to the ones we now have in 1997. A tallyman specializes in identifying the quantity of cargoes when loading and unloading, and confirming delivery and receipt of cargoes. Not only does the tallyman simply confirm the number, but also the condition of the cargoes (e.g. damages etc.) and records the result in a tally sheet. The tally sheet is an important document that proves fairness and accuracy, serving as evidence to determine the liable party in cases of cargo related incidents and trade disputes. The tallyman should be registered under the rules of the Port Transport Business Act. The tally cost, in principle, is paid by both the sender and receiver of the cargo. A measurer ensures that the bulk or weight of uncountable cargo is accurately measured. For example, liquid cargo, granular cargo such as cereal or coal, liquefied gas, and other cargo carried in storage tanks are measured impartially in volume or weight by the certified measurer as a third person. The information is recorded in a report which may be requested by international clients in the event of international disputes or incurrence of losses. A surveyor verifies, examines and makes evaluation of cargoes and vessels from a neutral position and issues certificates at the request of the vessel company, insurance company or any other parties. In addition, in the case of international disputes or incurrence of losses, international clients may request this certificate. In this capacity, the certified surveyor fulfills the legal effectiveness as a third person. Those who want to work as a marine surveyor need to pass the exam supervised by Port Management Division of the Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries and acquire a certificate. You can take the exam once a year and there is no restriction for application. The exam consists of two sessions, and you need to pass both sessions to earn the certificate.

A maritime officer operates vessel and supervises the activities of crew. He/she is in charge of the overall navigation of the vessel: setting the ship routes, identifying the vessel's location, managing personnel and maintaining order. The maritime officer also assists the captain, operates the vessel when sailing, takes responsibility for safe navigation, and ensures loading/unloading, delivery, and storage of cargo. Maritime officers are generally divided into Chief Officer (C/O), Second Officer (2nd/O), and Third Officer (3rd/O). A Chief Officer commands the deck department, supervises loading and unloading of cargo in port, and oversees attachment and detachment of the vessel to the wharf at the forefront of the vessel when entering or departing port. The Second Officer covers the management and maintenance of navigation instruments such as radar, and oversees the attachment and detachment of the vessel to the wharf at the back of the vessel when entering or departing port. The Third Officer manages the life-saving apparatus and dock machinery, and is responsible for recording and managing various documents such as the logbook. He/she also escorts the pilot and introduces him on board at the time of port entry and departure. Among the officer's tasks are 8 hours of watchstanding per day for safe sailing when out at sea, and cargo handling related works and anchor watch when in port. In a small vessel, the captain and officer take turns steering the vessel but in a large vessel, the three officers would normally support the captain. A maritime officer must acquire a marine technician license. A marine technician refers to a person who has acquired licenses to fulfill such tasks as vessel navigation, vessel engine operation and ship communication. In Korea, merchant ship technician training is offered at Korea Maritime and Ocean University, Mokpo National Maritime University, and maritime high schools in Incheon and Busan. Training for becoming fishing vessel officers are offered in fisheries related universities and high schools including Pukyong National University. Once one graduates from these schools, they are entitled to take exams to become a Third Officer of a merchant or fishing vessel. Many maritime officers enter shipping companies and can be deployed to ground service departments after serving a certain period of on board duty. They may also advance into shipping and port related companies, ocean and fisheries related research institutes and educational institutes. Once they gain a certain period of experience on board the vessel, they can apply for the maritime officer examination or enter various types of businesses related to shipping industry.

The captain, as the master mariner of a vessel, assumes the responsibility, leadership and authority over all tasks and personnel management of the vessel from before setting sail to the end of a voyage. Before setting sail, the captain inspects the status of the vessel and cargo on board and checks if the equipment, crew, food and fuel are adequately prepared for seaworthiness. During sailing, the captain frequently visits the vessel bridge to monitor the situation and control overall operations, giving special orders for veering, speed changes and watchstanding whenever necessary. The captain holds a First Officer license and has experience navigating a vessel for a certain period of time but does not actually handle the steering of the vessel. However, when the traffic volume is large or fishing vessels are congested or special care is needed due to narrow channels or bad weather, the captain controls the navigation in the steering house. Since the captain has to travel ports all around the world and be prepared for any unexpected events English proficiency is a must and a second foreign language is preferable. Not only does he/she need an accurate knowledge on Seamen Law, Commercial Law, the Family Registration Act, the Ships Safety Act, and Criminal Procedure Law of Korea, but also the related laws of the countries of destination or midway ports. Knowledge on human life safety, communication, and the ability to analyze weather data are also necessary. Every ship's officer can become a captain, but no one can begin their maritime career as a captain. To become a captain, there are several steps To take which include completing marine related courses in an ocean-specialized educational institute such as a maritime college, acquiring a marine technician license and gradually gaining experience starting as a Third Officer. A captain should have a strong sense of responsibility. Since people on board are confined to an isolated space during sailing, they always face the risk of natural disaster, as well as accident or events between people. The captain should lead people with quick judgment and driving force in emergency situations. These necessary characteristics underline just how much responsibility and leadership is required by the captain.

A maritime engineer is responsible for all the tasks concerning marine engine. He/she operates, manages and repairs the power and engines in the engine room of the vessel. When the vessel is sailing, the engineer manages the engine system that propels the vessel's movement, such as the main engine, generator, and boiler so as to keep them in optimal status, and replaces fuel and supplies when the vessel is at anchor. The engineers are categorized into Chief Engineer (C/E), Second Engineer (2nd/E) and Third Engineer (3rd/E) according to their duties. A chief engineer is responsible for machinery such as the main engine and propeller which move the vessel and maintains the vessel in proper condition. A second engineer takes charge of the generator and steering gears while the third engineer is in charge of the boiler and refrigeration machines. An engineer, like a maritime officer, must have a marine technician license. They must attend Korea Maritime and Ocean University, Mokpo National Maritime University, or a maritime high school to work in a merchant ship, and a fisheries university or a fisheries high school to work in a fishing vessel. According to the level of his/her license, the engineer operates the vessel engine in different types of vessels, such as ocean-going merchant vessel, pelagic fishing vessel, merchant vessel and fishing vessel of foreign nationality, domestic merchant vessel or coastal and offshore fishing vessel. The engineer usually advances to shipping companies, and after a certain period of onboard duty, may also be deployed to the ground service department. In other cases, they can continue their career in shipping or port related companies, ocean and fisheries related research institutes or educational institutes, and vessel support companies such as vessel related machine part supply and maintenance companies. As shipbuilding technology continuously advances, fewer crew members are needed to sail the more technology-intensive vessels. Also, as the employment of foreign crews is expected to increase, the employment of Korean engineers will, in turn, decrease. On the other hand, however, the demand for manpower in ocean-going merchant vessels and pelagic fishing vessels is continuously growing with the development of shipping industry. Demand for a workforce in ground shipping and port related companies is also expected to grow. The government, on its part, is providing continued policy support including financial support for the institutes fostering marine technicians.

When a large ship comes into the port, a pilot receives a notice from a captain and steers the ship so that the ship can come in and go out of the port safely. He/she checks the seaway of ships leaving or entering the port and identifies the vessel type and its scale. Taking a small pilot boat to approach the vessel to be piloted, he/she embarks on the vessel and directs the seaway and speed of the vessel to the maritime officer. When approaching the port, the vessel reduces its speed to avoid collisions with the other vessels in the port. The vessel may need the assistance of a tug boat for safe berthing as the vessel may not be easily controllable due to its poor ship motion. Most port authorities in the world mandate that pilots embark on vessels to ensure the safety of vessels and port facilities and efficiency of port operation. To become a pilot, he/she must have served as a captain on a vessel 6,000 tons or higher for more than 5 years. As an apprentice, he/she must pass the pilot apprentice exam and complete the practical training according to the Order of the Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries. A pilot must be equipped with expertise, experience and keen judgment. To carry out their responsibilities, a pilot should also be physically healthy, including good vision spatial awareness to instantly recognize where he/she is located. The pilot needs to be an expert in handling and controlling related equipment and systems and is also required to have geographical knowledge about land and the sea. Furthermore, he/she needs to have knowledge on various natural phenomena and the ability to handle sophisticated communication equipment. In order to control and give orders to foreign crew member, he/she should also have competency in English and other foreign languages. Pilots receive a high salary because they carry out important missions that cannot be performed by others. It is accurate to say that they always work under high pressure with huge responsibility because a mistake may result in disastrous consequences such as a stranding, crash, or a pollution event.

A navigation manager examines and analyzes the condition of the vessel, loading and unloading status of cargo, navigation expenses, and handling costs to establish a navigation or deployment plan of vessels. The navigation manager of the shipping company drafts a plan to allow the cargo work to progress smoothly. The navigation manager establishes the plan in consideration of the condition of the vessel, and quantity and weight of cargo. Once the plan is established, the "Supercargo," Chief Manager of cargo work, manages and supervises the plan. To become a navigation manager, he/she is required to major in the ship operation field in university and complete certain courses at a Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries-designated educational institute or acquire field experience. Navigation managers usually work in shipping logistics companies and the recruitment system differs by companies. In most cases, they gain experience in navigation related works before they become specialized in navigation management work.

A ship assemblyman and inspector assembles the external and internal parts to build vessels and inspects to see if the work was been done properly. They use their hands, tools, machines and automated assembly systems such as robots or fixed automated machines. Also, they inspect and test each part and the final product to maintain precision and quality standards. They also test-run the products on a wheel test device to determine if the item operates according to the intended function. Ship assemblymen and inspectors generally belong to the machinery or inspection department of the shipyard or shipbuilding equipment suppliers. In the case of special inspectors, they work in outsourcing service companies. For the applicants, there is no restriction on age or educational background, but it is advantageous to study machinery, electricity, and electronics in technical high school. In most cases, they are employed through nonscheduled recruitment via newspaper announcements, school recommendation, or introduction by related industry workers. Once employed, candidates go through an apprentice period to be assigned to a position. Foreign language competency is essential to assemble advanced vessels as well as continual upgrading of knowledge and skills to work with new technologies.

A ship finance (fund) specialist refers to an individual specialized in financial matters in ship management or ship investment companies. As shipbuilding consumes a large amount of capital, shipping companies cannot finance a shipbuilding project alone. Shipping companies, therefore, raise fund through financial institutes. However, in many cases, even the financial institutes themselves have insufficient knowledge of ship financing and so, they create a ship investment company to attract investors and secure the funding. In this regard, a ship finance specialist plays an important role in meeting the goals of all the parties involved. The specialist must be able to precisely predict the profitability of the vessel. For this purpose, he/she must have expertise in reading the ship market condition and prospects. Furthermore, the specialist must be knowledgeable in fund management as well as determining the earnings rate on ship investment and other assets.

When we import or export raw materials or products, we must report the necessary information to the director of the customhouse and receive approval. This is called "customs clearance" and a customs agent who is specialized in the procedure processes the job on behalf of the client (company or individual). If a dispute arises between the customs office and an importing company, he/she may also join the lawsuit on behalf of the company. Another important role of the customs agent is to confirm customs value of cargo related to tariff, to calculate the tax amount, and to provide the consignor with this information. Tariff is a tax that is levied on imported goods. All goods coming into our country are classified into one of 21,000 tariff standard items. The customs agent is an expert who accurately calculates and verifies the tax amount according to the tax rate set forth in the customs law, since it is very complicated to decide how to classify products and which rate to apply. The job of customs agent is an export and import related profession that earns a high salary. To become a customs agent, it is necessary to pass an exam supervised by the Korea Customs Service and acquire a certificate. Although there is no requirement of a specific major for the exam, it is advantageous to complete courses in business management, economics, international trade, or taxation (accounting) in university. Related certificates include an International Trade Specialist's certificate, and Foreign Exchange Manager's certificate (issued by the Korea International Trade Association). Acquiring a data processing related certificate is helpful. Competency in a second foreign language besides English is required.

A hull insurance specialist (underwriter) refers to an individual who fairly assesses the amount of damages and insurance benefit when damage has occurred due to an accident. Underwriters are divided into 4 categories. Incidents at sea, together with flight and transportation, belong to category 2. As an underwriter should investigate the cause of an accident at the site, he/she needs to have basic knowledge of automobiles, vessels, and other machineries. He/she must also have a good understanding of insurance terminology, as well as expertise and experience in claim evaluation. In addition, they should have strong mathematics skills in order to accurately calculate payments and benefit amounts. Most importantly, however, the underwriter should be fair and objective in processing the claims. Those who are sociable and have good interpersonal relationship skills are suitable for this job, since he/she meets a variety of people and travels to many places. To become an underwriter, he/she is required to register with the Financial Supervisory Service. This is after acquiring qualification as an underwriter issued by the Korea Insurance Development Institute and completing over 6 months' training at an institute (e.g. insurance company) designated by the Financial Services Commission. There is no restriction for taking the exam, but graduating from junior college or higher and majoring in related subjects such as finance, insurance, mathematics and statistics are helpful. Those who acquire a certificate may work as an underwriter and if employed in a relevant industry, they can earn extra pay or additional points in employee evaluation, which are advantageous in setting the annual salary and promotion. Most insurance companies have fewer underwriters than is legally required. As competition among insurance companies becomes fiercer, together with the emergence of online insurance companies, the job opportunities for the underwriters seem to continue to increase.

A vessel wireless communication specialist, holding a ship officer's certificate related to communication, sends and receives signals or correspondence to and from wireless stations, aircraft, vessels, etc. using wireless communication equipment. According to their field of work, the specialists are divided into aircraft wireless communication specialist, vessel wireless communication specialist, wireless telegram specialist, all of whom manage communication and transmit information according to set procedures. He/she interprets the ringing tones from wireless communications and sends communications. Their other jobs include organizing and sorting the correspondence received from shipping companies or vessels, and checking and repairing various equipment such as wireless telegraph, wireless telephone and facsimile. To become a wireless communication specialist, you need to be able to understand and apply set guidelines and procedures and handle the equipment. He/she also needs to have linguistic abilities for effective communication, administrative skills to carefully review and swiftly and accurately relay information, agile hands to handle the signal keys quickly and precisely, and good hearing acuity to distinguish sounds. To become a wireless communication specialist, he/she is required to study communications in technical high school, obtain more than 2 years of working experience in related area, or study communication, radio communication or other related subjects in junior college. The specialists in this field include radio communication engineer (grade 1 and 2) and radio communication technician under the national technical qualification law, and advanced wireless communication specialist under the radio management law. The manager of correspondence is called a Chief Wireless Operator. It is very rare that both chief wireless operator and the specialist embark onboard together because the vessel communication equipment has become advanced with the introduction of maritime satellite communication. In addition, and captains or maritime officers acquire related certificates to play the role as a chief wireless operator. Wireless communication specialists can be employed by government agencies such as the port administrative office or aviation administrative office, or other institutes such as KT radio stations, broadcasting stations, shipping companies, and aviation companies.

A stevedore is a trained individual who loads and unloads cargo at port. Cargo work requires equipment (e.g. crane, forklift, etc.) and an equipment engineer. In addition, stevedores connect and disconnect cargo to cranes. In moving the cargo by crane, the equipment engineer and flagger exchange signals to keep the cargo balanced. The members of the stevedore crew are port employees, equipment engineers, flaggers, and a foreman who supervises the work. A foreman is a general manager of cargo handling works. He/she establishes the plan of cargo work and supervises it after a detailed discussion with the chief officer. They also communicate, mediate, and negotiate between the shipping company and the consignor to accurately identify the liability in the event of an accident, and take measures such as preparing the necessary documents. On board the ship, they are always on-call twenty four hours a day. Port workers are divided into flaggers, winchmen and general staff. When a crane operator moves large or heavy cargo from ship to ground (or vice versa), he/she cannot check inside and outside of the vessel and is unable to look for the safe spots all by himself. In this case, the flagger is responsible for assisting and directing the crane operator in the safe transport of cargo. The flagger is the most experienced and skillful among all port workers. A winch is a crane installed in the vessel and the operator is called a winchman. A winchman operates the winch by following the signals from a flagger. A staff connects or disconnects the cargo to a crane with loops. Nowadays, most cargo handling is carried out with equipment and so the need for manpower is relatively low. However, there are still some operations that can only be done using a stevedore. A driver/conductor of cargo handling equipment must acquire the appropriate license to operate each piece of equipment.